Bangkok is the capital city of Thailand with an estimated population of 10.539 million (2020). Bangkok’s rapid growth coupled with little urban planning has resulted in a haphazard cityscape and inadequate infrastructure. Despite an extensive expressway network, an inadequate road network and substantial private car usage have led to chronic and crippling traffic congestion causing severe air pollution in the 1990s. The city faces long-term environmental threats such as sea level rise.